1. 
   
• a)
• i. 1016
• ii. 1010
• iii. 1016
• iv. 1020
• b) Adelaide
• c) isolated showers with cool weather conditions through Melbourne
• d)
• i. Wind
• ii. Precipitation
• iii. Precipitation and wind direction
• e)Hobart will have the strongest winds because they face the wind's direction and are mainly surrounded by water meaning that there land size is smaller and the wind doesn't have to travel as far and last as long.

Mapping

Questions- 

1. What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days?

There is a high pressure system over Australia with clear skies and stable conditions. There are clear skies over Australia with stable condition and high pressure.

2. What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities?

The is high pressure which generally means that the capital cities will have good weather apart from Perth who may experience light showers

1. What is the contour interval (sometimes abbreviated CI)? Convert to metric.

6 metres

2. What is the scale of the map? Convert it into the metric system

2.5cm equals 1.6km

3. What is the gradient of the line? Calculate in metric system.

0.5 cm

2.5 Questions, 2.6 Questions, 2.7 Questions

2.5 Questions

1. If the air pressure in the upper atmosphere is relatively high it will limit the altitude that the warm, moist air can rise to. This high pressure causes the rising air to spiral outwards thus forming a tropical cyclone.
2. They form in the tropic of Capricorn throughout November through April.
3. The most areas that are at risk in Australia are Queensland and the Northern Territory.
4. 6 are likely to cross the Australia’s coastline per year.
5. The other names for tropical cyclones are Typhoons and Hurricanes.
6. Tropical cyclones develop in the tropical regions of the world. Heat from the sun causes warm, moist air to rise into the atmosphere. As the air rises, a low pressure system forms and condensation occurs, which releases latent heat causing the air to rise further into the atmosphere is high, then the rising column of warm air will spiral outwards in the upper atmosphere and air will rush from the surface to replace it, forming a tropical cyclone.
7. The eye of a tropical cyclone is the middle where there is a pipe-like hollow centre. 
8.   
9. The tropical cyclone is downgraded to a tropical storm when it moves to cooler water and loses its energy supply of warm, moist air.

2.6 Questions

1. 1974
2. They set up evacuation and medical centres
3. The National Disaster Organisation is a federal government body and it became involved with cyclone Tracy to help fix up basic facilities to Darwin
4. To save lives and evacuate the town so no one is left during the destruction.
5. 80.459% of Darwin’s population were evacuated
6. Houses in all cyclone-prone areas of Australia must be to strict building codes to withstand cyclone.
7. On the 29^th of August Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico and the state of Louisiana in the United States. It killed over 1400 people and flooded large areas of New Orleans
8. When the hurricane hit, the storm surge combined with the low-lying nature of the New Orleans meaning that 80% of the city became flooded.
9. All levels of Government were criticised for the slow and disorganised response to the hazard
10. The NDO was quick and organised to send out food supplies and medical services while the FEMA was criticised for being slow and took days to send out food supplies
11.  
12. Cyclone Tracy was moving at a fast speed South-East straight through Darwin

2.7 Questions

1. On the 20^th of March, the eye of Cyclone Larry crossed the coast near Innisfail between 6:20am and 7:20am.
2. The communities experienced the greatest damage because it Cyclone Larry caused major flooding and left many communities isolated for several days.
3. Public infrastructure are things such as roads, rail and air transport that the public uses. The damage was brought on the infrastructure made it very difficult to transport necessities such as food, water and shelter to the isolated areas.
4. The total damage bill as AU $350 million.
5. Cyclone Larry destroyed 85% of the banana crops in North Queensland. It left thousands of people without employment and $298.4 million were lost from the destruction of the crops.
6. The Emergency Management Australia and State Emergency Service both help to make information brochures on natural hazards and created community workshops to ensure that people are well prepared for natural hazards.
7. Emergency Management Australia, State Emergency Service, Australian Defence Force, charities and government departments.
8. They helped the coordination of the recovery effort and helped provide large quantities of resources needed to remove danger and repair damage.
9. Major General Peter Cosgrove. He would need to have good leadership qualities and be able to organise large groups of people to help with the recovery effort. He would need patience as the recovery would take time.
10. It caused destruction to many people’s homes and made a lot of people have no job and limit there income.
11. It would interrupt the supply of bananas for weeks and maybe months as so much of the crop was lost and many factories exporting the bananas would be impossible to get to with the flooding.
12.  
1. 800km
2. 66.6 km/h
3. It was downgraded to a tropical low at 1am on March 20^th. This is because the wind had lost its momentum that it gained over the sea.
4. It travelled around 1000km inland before it receded.  

2.2 Questions

1. Landslides involve the movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth's crust under the force of gravity.
2. Heavy rainfall, earthquake vibrations and undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves and rivers
3. Humans actions can cause landslides. Construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall. Mining activities also contribute to the hazard.
4. The cause of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust. It is measured on the Richter scale.
5. The main cause of Earthquakes in Australia is the shifting of the tectonic plates in which Australia overlaps.
6. They experience a 5.5 on the Richter scale approximately every 15 months.
7. There were 13 people killed and 120 injured, also 35000 homes and 3000 other buildings were affected by the earthquake.
8. A landslide is above ground and a earthquake occurs under or just level with ground.
9. A tsunami is the movement of the ocean bottom displaces water on the surface, forming a huge wave which moves outwards in all directions from the centre of the disturbance.
10. Volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides can trigger tsunamis.
11. A tsunami is created by mass pressure begin released/expelled to/in the ocean and waves build up together to form one huge tsunami.
12. Shake - feeling an earthquake or that the ground is shaking
      Drop - the sea level will recede
      Roar - the sounds of a tsunami approaching
13. An earthquake that measure 9.3 on the Richter scale
14. There are 23 monitoring stations and it took 20 minutes to discover the tsunami.
15. The tsunami slow decreases in size until it is flat water but it still has all the momentum it had before leaving the water.
16. The United Nations created and developed a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean.
17. Ted Bryant is a Wollongong University geoscience professor and issued the warning stating 'Sydney is to the Alpine fault as Sri Lanka is to the Boxing Day earthquake. The Alpine fault goes off about every 500 years. The last time was in the fifteenth century'
18. a) 10'N, 100'E
       b) i. 2 hours - India
           ii. 7 Hours - Africa
          iii. 5 Hours - Australia
          iv. 9 - 10 Hours - Tasmania

Different Groups - Bushfires

Insurance Companies

• They can  help people financial by giving them repayments which can help them 'get back on there feet'.
• A lot of money is paid out and it can affect the business industry.
• Help them to repay there possessions.
• They can help to give money to people who don't have jobs due to bushfires e.g. farmers whose crops have been burnt.
• They can give money to people for funerals and life insurance repayments.

Natural Hazard - Bushfires (with Morgan Weiser, Hamish Martyr and Andrew Jerogin)

Bush Fires occur in dry areas with dense bushland. An example is the Australia outback.
Economical Affects of a Bush Fire

• Farmers crops can be burnt and destroyed therefore loss of income.
• Houses can be burnt down and many people can't afford to rebuild/repair.
• Hard to get to because normally in the bush/ it costs a lot to put out and to get to.
• The farming industry is affected and less food is produced for people therefore food has to be imported costing a lot of money.
• Insurance companies lose a lot of money and it affects the insurance industry.

Social Affects of a Bush Fire

• Peoples family may be lost in the bush fires and it can be difficult to get through
• Their house and everything they have ever owned would be destroyed making it hard to start again.
• Their community with all of their shops and community places could be lost therefore it can affect a community as a whole
• Their friends may have died affecting their relationships with their friends in the community.
• If they are in heavily populated bushland area and away from the rest of the country isolation for a while would occur.

Environmental Affects of a Bush Fire

• Animals can get wiped out and may get extinct which would stop the food chain 
• Plants can get wiped out and may even become extinct 
• Lots of carbon dioxide which would poison the oxygen in the air and makes it harder to breath
• Injure of different species
• Uninhabitable land which can mean that some plants and animals can't thrive in the environment