7.4 Questions

7.4 Questions

1.    Coastal management is developing ways to protect the coastal environment and preserving it's ecosystem

2.    Sea walls, breakwaters and groynes

3.     

Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Sea walls are walls that are constructed normal to replace foredunes	Protect property	Scenic appeal reduced
Breakwaters are walls constructed from rivers into the ocean	Stabilize rivers	Rapidly changes erosion, transportation and deposition patterns
Groynes are constructed at right angles to the shore	Stop build up from longshore drift	Sand accumulates to one side
Beach nourishment is the moving of sand by cranes	Evens out the beach and looks more natural	It is expensive and is very ongoing
Coastal dune preservation involves managing dunes	Helps to preserve natural wonder of area	Requires extensive effort

4.    It is necessary to use a variety of techniques because because usually the problem requires several strategies as well as strategies to try and reduce the impact on the environment.

5.     

A.   Breakwaters

B.   Coastal dune preservation

C.   Beach nourishment

D.   Sea wall

UPDATED - Cortes Bank Big Wave Surfing Science

Cortes Bank is a shallow chain of underwater mountains about 188 kilometers west of Point Loma San Diego, USA. It used to be an island off the coast of California but when the ice age hit, it sunk below the waters surface. Nowadays it is also the home to big wave surfing. The mountains are very close to the surface of the ocean (about 1 m at the highest point, Bishop Rock) and therefore allow for easier refraction and allowing more energy to be compressed into a small area.

VIEW OF CORTES BANK FROM UNDER THE WATER:

The big waves only occur in American Winter (December through February). It only forms in winter because the water moisture in the air is much easy to condense to droplets in cold weather rather than hot weather where is evaporates.

This is very different to most surfing spots because it is in open ocean. The light wind, low tide and 'perfect' storm (big storm swells from the north-west from the cold arctic) also affect the size and occurring of the big waves. Big waves also occur when there are big storm swells, which occur often in the isolated ocean space.

The wave height of these waves can get up to 100 feet or 30 meters tall when the conditions are perfect. This happened in January of 2001. This may have occurred several times before but because only within the last 2 decades has the jet ski been invented, little has been known about these waves. With the help of the jet ski towing ability, the surfers were taxied to the huge waves.

7.3 Questions

1. The three key geographical processes that shape the coastal environment are erosion, transportation and deposition.
2. Wave refraction is the bending of waves due to headlands and the contours of the ocean floor.
3.  

    

     
      4. Headlands are the most common erosional feature found on coasts

      5. The three wave action processes are hydraulic action, corrasion and corrosion.
      6. During severe storms, beaches can lose large quantities of sand through erosion from  
           waves. The sand will form sand bars and when they are eroded away and deposited 
           back onto the beach, restoring the beach to its former state.
      7. The three forces that shape depositional landforms on the beach are wind, waves and 
           prevailing ocean currents.
      8. Beaches are The most common depositional landforms found along the coastline
      9. Coastal dunes are formed by the wind blowing sand into low lying vegetation which block 
           the sand from being transported any further. The low lying vegetation is important in the  
           formation because it 'clogs' the sand from being transported.
     10. 

    Long-shore Drift is important in moving sand along the coast through the sand being pushed by waves up the beach than the backwash brings the sand back into the ocean. As seen in the diagram above, the waves hit the sand at an angle than the backwash pulls the sand back at about a 90 degree angle.
    11. i) Tombolos - In shallow water, the eroded materials are kept in one place due to the refracting waves, thus causing land to stick up.

         ii) Sand Bar - When large storms occur, sand on the beaches are pulled out to see through the backwash which get deposited in large bars of sand

        iii) Natural Bridge - the corrasion and corrosion of cliffs bases begin to become eroded and ware away. The water normally only reaches a certain height thus not eroding the top and leaving a bridge.

      iv) Sea stacks - occur when soft limestone cliffs are gradually eroded away until it is separated from land and are stacks of limestone.

 12. Foredunes play an important role in the protecting of coastal areas because they provide a 'buffer zone' for dune vegetation. This helps the vegetation to grow back quickly if eroded. 

 13. 

      a) Great Road in Victoria

      b) popular tourist location, made 20 million years ago and very rare

      c) wave erosion

      d) A bridge that linked the mainland to offshore rocks which collapsed in 1990

      e) no, because erosion occurs naturally and is almost impossible to prevent

 14. The Apostles were a naturally occurring 'sea stack' which is a limescale stack that has been separated from the land due to erosion. This 'apostles' were formed over 20 million years ago and were about 45 meters tall. They weren't always 'sea stacks'. There was a natural bridge that connected them to the mainland which was called London Bridge, which collapsed in 1990. Many of the 12 'apostles' have collapsed and the latest being in 2005.

 15. WARNING! THE LOCAL COUNCIL IS COMING FOR YOUR PROPERTY! The local council has been buying back coastal land foredune is subjected severe erosion. Local residents are outraged by this because they believe that the local council is depriving them of the spectacular views, relaxed lifestyle and valuable property. This is an outrage that the whole community should stand up against. Why should you, the owner of a magnificent property, have to move just because the council is worried about the foredune. The council could quite easily replace the foredune which a synthetic foredune to create the needed buffer zone without the risk of erosion. I believe that action must be taken

     

Big Waves

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started? Waves come from far out in sea from winds blowing on the top of water and generate energy to keep the wave going.
2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing? They should know about what kind of swell it is and when the wave is going to break.

Question for the Video:

1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions. They are formed by the wind thousands of miles away and break once they hit a reef and 'jump'. The ocean floor is mainly flat and than hits the reef, slowing part of it down, and drawing in the wave energy to one spot.
2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured? Waves are formed with low pressure and high pressure systems generate energy when they come in close contact with each other. The wind generates energy into the ocean and pushes them towards the shorelines. They are measured by periods, height, and wave length.
3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed? A maverick wave is a 'big' wave found in northern California and is special because it only happens in winter and when the ocean floor is flat leading up to the reef.
4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave? Energy is stored by the continuous movement of energy over a long period of water and combining together and is transferred throught the water through the constant circling of water.
5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.”
• Respect the waves
• Know when its going to break
• Waves 'jump' when hit the reef
• Once 'jumped' waves are about 2 times the size of the original wave before the reef
• Only do it if you are experienced

7.2 Questions - Waves

1. The wind forms ripples, than these form wavelets and finally waves.
2. A fetch is the distance wind travels one the ocean to form a wave. They are important factor because the waves speed and size is determined by the strength of the wind and length of the fetch.
3. The waves in the open ocean are mainly small and are only influenced by the wind which differs to waves closer to the shore which have the sand to influence the strength and frequency in which they occur
4.  

     5. 

   

   6. Spilling waves : Break far from shore and is mainly white foam when reaches shore, good for bodysurfing

       Plunging waves: Break near shore, form tubes, good for board riders

       Surging waves: Break on the shore, cause erosion, roll up steep face

   7. Wind swell is marked by a short wavelength and high frequency as opposed to a ground swell which is the opposite, a long wavelength and less frequent waves.

7.1 Questions - Geographical Issues

1. The coast is a unique ecosystem in that it is extreme volatile and always changing. By having a coastal settlement the ecosystem must not 'evolve' to make sure that the inhabitants can live consistently without radical change.
2. The aim of coastal management strategies is to make sure that when human have been placed within an ecosystem, the ecosystem will not be negatively affected to a deadly level.
3. The trend that has been labeled 'sea-change' is the moving from the city to a coastal town that is smaller and more relaxed
4. One government response to 'sea-change' is residential cap which restricts how many people can live within a hectare.
5. Four geographical issues are and how humans are involved are: inappropriate develop (people building more than needed and big buildings where not needed), population doubling due to holidays (puts pressure of coast through waste), beaches getting more people during holidays (more rubbish and pressure doubles on certain areas of land), pollution after a storm (rubbish is flowed into drain and straight to beaches and oceans).
6. They need to have a good understanding of the past to ensure that they can accurately predict the future.  This is to make sure that no ecosystem is dramatically changed and to make educated decisions on coastal management.
7. Dear local council, I am writing to you to voice my opinion on the resent apartments that have been built on beachfront property in a small urban town. This new building my bring in tourism, money and the chance for more people to live in such a great town, but they are disrupting the coastal views and lifestyle of those who live there. It affects the quite, calm beach life that many people strive for, as well as the waterfront views of the under crowded beaches. I bring this up to question the building of high density buildings in a low density area, and that this must not continue.

Geography Extended Response

Communities never stay static and within the worlds globalisation and population ever-expanding, communities must change and adapt to the growing demand within the area. An example of this is St Ives in Sydney. Majority of St Ives are either of Jewish descent or of South African descent. With a population of 14207 within the 14.39 km2 and within an urban area of Sydney, St Ives is ever growing. This suburb, within the North Shore, is a sought after part of Sydney both for its schools and its location in comparison to the city. With more and more people wanting to move within the area, St Ives is having to develop less low density housing and more medium density housing (less houses and more apartment blocks). The effect of the change within the area means that St Ives is becoming more like a confined metropolis rather than a quite suburb.

4.3 Questions

1- 12
1. Federal - Transport and Regional Services
    State - Regional Development Fund
2. Sense of Place Program ( helps them by planning, assisting and guiding communities) and Townlife Development Program ( Help in building up the town)
3. First Community-owned post office in Australia which was created because there was a treat to the local post office.
4. The GRTC offers Giropost, Centrelink, Medicare, Internet access and teh Reliance Credit Union, normal post service and small but modern gift shop
5. The community has responded well because evidence shows that without the help of the governments the town would not be what it was today.
6. 3 examples of action implemented by the Flying Ahead Group are: the increase in police presence, the establishment of youth projects, and the increase in the population and services that are available.
7. The purpose of the two eight two eight program was to restore the old community centre back to a multi-faceted community centre. It now includes a cafe, craft gallery, function centre, second-hand book shop and tourism information.
8. Some examples of active citizenship achievements since 2000 include: the opening of the Rural Transaction Centre, the first community-owned post office, and the purchase and renovation of the old picture theatre in the main street.
9. The local government and the Coonamble Shire has been providing financial assistance to the Gulargambone Flying Ahead program.
10. The changes that have been done to the theatre are: there is new paint, been restored and the walls have been died up, it looks more inviting and has a more community feel.
11. There are many factors that attribute to the success of Gulargambone, but the main attribute is citizen which is very important within the town. The active citizenship is seen through the restoration of the old theatre to a community centre and the effort put forward into the dedication to the town seen through the opening of the city owned post-office.
12 a) The article is the 'fight of survival' of Gulargambone and the uniting of the citizens
     b) The author writes about the decline in Gulargambone is due to the drought which affected the economy of the agricultural based town.
     c) Majority of the business were shut down such as petrol stations, banks, shops, etc.
     d) The community galvanised into action when the town post office came into threat of being shut down. They also came together and took on the government when the hospital was threatened.
     e) The post office was important because it was a main part of society and the next closest one was a two-hour drive.
     f) The community has completed the community centre (the restoration of the old picture theatre), the acquiring of the town logo which is a galah, and the saving of there post-office

4.2 Questions

1. It causes economic hardship for agricultural population and effects on businesses and jobs,more welfare paid to unemployed.

2. It means less farms running and more available

3. The soldiers settler blocks being sold, collapse in the wool industry, rising costs in the agricultural industry with fuel, machinery and wages.

4. more advanced and more powerful machinery, able to harvest bigger areas of land --> the farmers job a lot easier, less employees

5. The improvement in the roads and cars it gave better access and eaiser access to Dubbo and Cooamble which means they are able to avoid the smaller towns making them isolated 

6. People have left the town to search for employment and education, the age median is increasing which means there is a greater need for age services.

8) The population dramatically declined from 1954 to the mid 1960's, from then and on the population has been volitile. Gulargambone has lost 500 people from the original 900 people in the town.
9) It is shown through a pyramid to indicate the difference in the population and the age of the population.
10)
a- The school enrolments slowly rose in the 1950's than has been declining ever since.
b- The trends are like this because there has been a decline (slow) in the population. The amount of children and young people (15-29) have left the town in search of education and employment. The median age is increasing meaning that there are more older people and less younger people.
11)
Social- The median age is increasing because of the young people leaving
Economic- People are leaving the town therefore less money
Environmental- Drought and rural decline

4.1 Questions

1. The moving out of rural areas which causes the population of the area to decline.
2. Gulargambone is a small rural town located on the Castlereagh River, halfway between Gilgandra and Coonamble in the central-west region of New South Wales.
3.  Its located on a river (hydrosphere), The terrain is flat to undulating and the soils are fertile black and red types (lithosphere), and temperature (atmosphere)
4. The solider settler blocks were housing sold to soliders to help them rejust to normal life, it put more money in the town
5. Agricultural is main but some forestry of pine.
6. 447 live in town, 1072 live in surrounding area
7. Community Development Employment Program which employs Aboriginal people
8b. i) north west
      ii) north
     iii) west north west
9. a) i] 31*18´S and 148*16´E
        ii] 31*33' S and 148*16' E
        iii] 31*15' S and 148*22' E
    b) i] A6253
        ii]A6353
       iii] A6151
    c) i] 4.5 squared kilometres
        ii]3.5 squared kilometer
    d) i] 10 buildings
        ii] 20 buildings
10. 4.30 has the bigger scale because it shows more land

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030? 0.75%
What is the predicted population change in 2030? 60 million people
What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050? Africa

Source D
How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 2.5 million people
How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 1.75 million
Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries? Because Italy is smaller and has more of a great diversity of ages as apposed to Ethiopia which is a developing country.

Source E
What is located at GR831979? Dicks Hill
What is the highest point at AR7997? 490 metres
What is the contour interval for the map? The way in which mountains are shaped and how high they go.
What physical feature is located at GR820975? A wet swamp
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? About half kilometer from the centre of the complex to the edge of the inlet
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. GR830000
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR. 79 meters and GR845989

Go Back to Where You Came From

• What is your initial reaction to the show? My initial reaction to the show is that it is a good way to see the really stories behind the refugees and rather than the bias stories in the news saying that they are bad, it shows the struggle of them and what they go through.
• What percentage of immigrants are refugees? 1.5%
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion)  I believe that it is made such a big deal of because the people who make a big deal of it can as opposed to the people going through it which view is never heard.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? We are number 18th in the world
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion) I believe that Australia does have the right to help others in the world especially in developing countries because Australia is a thriving country.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? They receive equal once they are settled in Australia (i.e. medicare) and also Australia tries to help legitimate refugees. 0.8% as much as the Australian citizens.
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention? 11 Asian Nations have signed the UN refugee convention.
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? Malaysia does not recognise the rights of refugees as defined in the convention, nor does it have the same responsibilities as signatory countries by not being part of the UN refugee Convention. This means that it would be harder for refugees in Malaysia to settle in other countries.

Australian Population

1. What is demography? Demography is the study of statistics which show the changing structure of human populations
2. In what year did the Australian population reach 20 million? How quickly is the population growing? 2003 and it is growing very quickly because by 2009 we had 22 million people
3. How many Aboriginal people are estimated to have lived in Australia before Europeans arrived? at least 315 000 indigenous Australians lived before the arrival of the Europeans
4. What the two main ways the population can grow? What percentage of the population growth in 2010 can be attributed to each way? People have children and people can come from other countries and immigrate to Australia. 47% due to births and 53% due to migration.
5. What is the total fertility rate for 2010? 1.9 births per woman
6. What was the total fertility rate for Australia in 1935? How does this compare to other years? Why do you think that it compares this way? The fertility rate for 1935 for 2.1 which means that more people are having less children. This is a lot higher than other years and is this way because of the cost of living today as apposed to the 1930's.
7. What is the trend in the fertility rate for Australia since 1950? The fertility rate 'trend' is to go down as seen through a time before 1950 and after with a difference of 0.2% per woman.
8. What is the average size of a family in Australia? How does that compare to the US? The average size of an Australian family is between 2 and 3 people which is a lot different to the average size of an American family which is between 3 and 4.

Are we a Racist Nation

1. Who is the author and what is his job title?

Graeme Innes and his job is Race Discrimination Commissioner.

1. Who does he work for and what is supposed to do in this job?

The National Press Club and Graemes job is to work out the racism in Australia.

1. What does the author say is often the beginning of a racist comment? Have you every heard anyone use this line to say something racist? If so, what did they say?

'I'm not racist, but...' is often the beginning of a racist comment in the authors point of view. I have heard this before but would not consider it often because majority of times people just come out and say the phase they want to say, mostly when the people they are offending are not around. However, when i did hear it the 'joke' is thought they were ignorant to say the phase when they are clearly being racist.

1. What percent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas parent?

50% of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas parent which is shocking because it shows that even 'overseas' Australians are being racist.

1. What is a 'mono-culture'?

Mono culture is a single harmonious culture where everyone accepts each others culture.

1. What are some welcome benefits of online technology?

It links people from all over the world together and gives people a wider range of information.

1. What are some unwelcome results of online social media?

Many people set up sites and publish media about racist comments or remarks that they agree with and many people look at it and think that it is socially acceptable.

1. What makes racism online so dangerous?

People can do i anonymously and many people can come across it by accident which makes it easier for people to be exposed to racist comments and think that they are 'OK'

1. What will help stop racism online?

There has been some anti-bullying and racist campaigns employed but the most effective way of getting rid of racism is for social networking sites and the government to work together.

1. What does the author suggest we need to do to stop racism?

Tell the people who are posting racist comments to take them down and report them to the social media sites.

How have Australia changed in your Life Time?

Physical Change
1.

• Drought - The amount of agricultural land affected by the floods
• Floods
• Building of the Olympic Park
• Building of more apartments near train lines
• Erosion

2. Drought has been a major cause of physical change within Australia and its people. The drought has affected the amount of people with homes as well as new structures that have to be built to help prevent a drought ending in a disaster. It has also affected the agricultural industry and has changed the way that farmers grow there crops and how the take care of there livestock. The drought not only in its self is a major disaster but it has also caused many other changes that lead to physical changes such as floods.

Socioeconomic Change
1.

• Global Financial Crisis
• More money in Australia
• The share market crashing
• Upgrading of Schools
• Mining industry - You need the value of coal within Australia, How many people are being employed and How much China is buying

2. The mining industry has been a great turn around for Australia and its socioeconomic status within the world. Since Australia is a relatively new country it has many resources available such as a major fuel, coal. This is very good for Australia's economy because China, a country that is booming with a growing population is in demand for coal and Australia has to coal they need. This means that Australia even in a GFC is able to grow as a country and have more money within there economy. 

Cultural Change
1.

• Saying sorry to the stolen generation
• Asylum Seekers
• More woman in parliament - How many people in parliament are woman
• Greater population --> more culture
• More technology

2. There is more woman in parliament within todays' society which is a lot different and changed the way that people live. It has changed the way that people perceive woman within jobs as well as the way that people treat women. We now also have a woman Prime Minister and she can perceive Australia in a different way. She has a unique view of Australia which can help Australia grow as a nation.

Group Work - Evalutaion

Andrew: He got all of his work done on time but sometimes depended on others opinions and information for a source of information. He presented it well however. His work was good and had relative information. He communicated well through school and social websites.

Morgan: He worked well and did all the research himself however when it came to completing the fact sheet he refused to finish so i had to finish it. He had relative information though. He was only communicable at school and i was unable to contact him after school.

Group as a whole: We worked well as a group and splitting the work worked well until it came to completing the La Nina fact sheet which was completed by me. All the work was of a good standard.

El Nino and La Nina Fact Sheets

El Nino

What is it?
El Nino is the normal circulation pattern in the Pacific Ocean which brings rain to Australia. In an El Nino year the circulation reverses and South America receives the rain while Australia remains dry. In El Nino the hot water gets pushed towards South America and becomes a warm wet low pressure system.

What places have been affected by El Nino in Australia?
Australia’s climate is highly variable from year to year. For example, 1998 to 2001 were all very wet years across northern and central Australia, with some parts receiving more than double their average rainfall over the four-year period. In contrast, 2002 and early 2003 saw one of the worst droughts in Australia’s history. In eastern Victoria alone, the drought led to approximately 1.2 million hectares of land, including 41 houses and 9000 livestock, being burnt over a span of 59 days starting in January 2003. This was the largest fire event in Victoria since 1939. Other states have also been affected by Droughts, like in 1902 Queensland suffered a major drought which lasted more than 10 years. These are some of the affected areas in which El Nino has taken and destroyed.

How are the El Nino Disasters formed?
Much of the variability in Australia’s climate is connected with the atmospheric phenomenon called the Southern Oscillation, a major see-saw of air pressure and rainfall patterns between the Australian/Indonesian region and the eastern Pacific. The Southern Oscillation is measured by a simple index, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which can also be related to specific changes in the temperature of the underlying ocean, commonly referred to as El Nino and La Nina events.
Rural productivity, especially in Queensland and New South Wales, responds significantly to the behaviour of the Southern Oscillation. This is how El Nino disasters are formed.
 
El Nino-Federation Drought

• Began in the mid 1890s and reached its devastating climax in late 1901 and 1902.  
• Animal Stock dropped
• Suffered a major drought
• Wheat crop was “all but lost”, Darling River was dry at Bourke for over a year
• Concerns about water supply
• Failure in wheat crop
• Areas affected include: Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory

_________________________________________________________________

La Nina

La Nina-
La Niña is a joined ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño-Southern Oscillation climate pattern. During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an episode of La Niña is distinct as a period of at least 5 months of La Niña conditions.

Effects of La Nina
The results of La Niña are mostly the opposite of those of El Niño, for example, El Niño would cause a wet period in the Midwestern U.S., while La Niña would typically cause a dry period in this area. At the other side of the Pacific La Niña can cause heavy rains. For India, an El Niño is often a cause for concern because of its adverse impact on the south-west downpour; this happened in 2009. A La Niña, on the other hand, is often beneficial for the downpour because it would increase the chance of rain and precipitation

La Nina- Queensland Floods

• La Nina helped create the 2010/11 Queensland Floods
• 35 were confirmed dead and 9 missing
• Estimated $30 billion in damage
• The Queensland Floods covered  most of Queensland including its capital city Brisbane.
• Much of central and southern Queensland including Brisbane, Rockhampton, Emerald, Bundaberg, Dalby, Toowoomba, and Ipswich were the affected areas from the floods
• Queensland Reconstruction Authority was set up to help with the relief of the floods
• More than 55,000 volunteers gave their time and money to help with the clean up of Queensland's affected areas
• The Australian Defense Force set up Operation Queensland Flood Assist and About 35 State Emergency Service personnel from New South Wales and 20 personnel from Victoria were deployed to provide relief to exhausted staff and volunteers